- Which two characteristics are associated with UDP sessions? (Choose two.)
- Destination devices receive traffic with minimal delay.*
- Transmitted data segments are tracked.
- Destination devices reassemble messages and pass them to an application.
- Received data is unacknowledged.*
- Unacknowledged data packets are retransmitted.
Explain:
TCP:
· Provides tracking of transmitted data segments
· Destination devices will acknowledge received data.
· Source devices will retransmit unacknowledged data.
UDP
· Destination devices will not acknowledge received data
· Headers use very little overhead and cause minimal delay.
- What happens if part of an FTP message is not delivered to the destination?
- The message is lost because FTP does not use a reliable delivery method.
- The FTP source host sends a query to the destination host.
- The part of the FTP message that was lost is re-sent.*
- The entire FTP message is re-sent.
Explain:
Because FTP uses TCP as its transport layer protocol, sequence and
acknowledgment numbers will identify the missing segments, which will be
re-sent to complete the message.
- A host device needs to send a large video file across the
network while providing data communication to other users. Which feature
will allow different communication streams to occur at the same time,
without having a single data stream using all available bandwidth?
- window size
- multiplexing*
- port numbers
- acknowledgments
Explain:
Multiplexing is useful for interleaving multiple communication streams.
Window size is used to slow down the rate of data communication. Port
numbers are used to pass data streams to their proper applications.
Acknowledgments are used to notify a sending device that a stream of
data packets has or has not been received.
- What kind of port must be requested from IANA in order to be used with a specific application?
- registered port*
- private port
- dynamic port
- source port
Explain:
Registered ports (numbers 1024 to 49151) are assigned by IANA to a
requesting entity to use with specific processes or applications. These
processes are primarily individual applications that a user has chosen
to install, rather than common applications that would receive a
well-known port number. For example, Cisco has registered port 1985 for
its Hot Standby Routing Protocol (HSRP) process.
- What type of information is included in the transport header?
- destination and source logical addresses
- destination and source physical addresses
- destination and source port numbers*
- encoded application data
Explain:
In a segment, the transport layer header will include the source and
destination process, or port numbers. Destination and source physical
addressing is included in the frame header. Destination and source
logical addressing is included in the network header. Application data
is encoded in the upper layers of the protocol stack.
- What is a socket?
- the combination of the source and destination IP address and source and destination Ethernet address
- the combination of a source IP address and port number or a destination IP address and port number*
- the combination of the source and destination sequence and acknowledgment numbers
- the combination of the source and destination sequence numbers and port numbers
Explain:
A socket is a combination of the source IP address and source port or
the destination IP address and the destination port number.
- What is the complete range of TCP and UDP well-known ports?
- 0 to 255
- 0 to 1023*
- 256 – 1023
- 1024 – 49151
Explain:
There are three ranges of TCP and UDP ports. The well-know range of port numbers is from 0 – 1023.
- Which flag in the TCP header is used in response to a
received FIN in order to terminate connectivity between two network
devices?
Explain:
In a TCP session, when a device has no more data to send, it will send a
segment with the FIN flag set. The connected device that receives the
segment will respond with an ACK to acknowledge that segment. The device
that sent the ACK will then send a FIN message to close the connection
it has with the other device. The sending of the FIN should be followed
with the receipt of an ACK from the other device.
- What is a characteristic of a TCP server process?
- Every application process running on the server has to be configured to use a dynamic port number.
- There can be many ports open simultaneously on a server, one for each active server application.*
- An individual server can have two services assigned to the same port number within the same transport layer services.
- A host running two different applications can have both configured to use the same server port.
Explain:
Each application process running on the server is configured to use a
port number, either by default or manually, by a system administrator.
An individual server cannot have two services assigned to the same port
number within the same transport layer services. A host running a web
server application and a file transfer application cannot have both
configured to use the same server port. There can be many ports open
simultaneously on a server, one for each active server application.
- Which two flags in the TCP header are used in a TCP
three-way handshake to establish connectivity between two network
devices? (Choose two.)
- ACK*
- FIN
- PSH
- RST
- SYN*
- URG
Explain:
TCP uses the SYN and ACK flags in order to establish connectivity between two network devices.
- A PC is downloading a large file from a server. The TCP
window is 1000 bytes. The server is sending the file using 100-byte
segments. How many segments will the server send before it requires an
acknowledgment from the PC?
- 1 segment
- 10 segments*
- 100 segments
- 1000 segments
Explain:
With a window of 1000 bytes, the destination host accepts segments until
all 1000 bytes of data have been received. Then the destination host
sends an acknowledgment.
- Which factor determines TCP window size?
- the amount of data to be transmitted
- the number of services included in the TCP segment
- the amount of data the destination can process at one time*
- the amount of data the source is capable of sending at one time
Explain:
Window is the number of bytes that the sender will send prior to
expecting an acknowledgement from the destination device. The initial
window is agreed upon during the session startup via the three-way
handshake between source and destination. It is determined by how much
data the destination device of a TCP session is able to accept and
process at one time.
- During a TCP session, a destination device sends an
acknowledgment number to the source device. What does the acknowledgment
number represent?
- the total number of bytes that have been received
- one number more than the sequence number
- the next byte that the destination expects to receive*
- the last sequence number that was sent by the source
- What information is used by TCP to reassemble and reorder received segments?
- port numbers
- sequence numbers*
- acknowledgment numbers
- fragment numbers
Explain:
At the transport layer, TCP uses the sequence numbers in the header of
each TCP segment to reassemble the segments into the correct order.
- What does TCP do if the sending source detects network congestion on the path to the destination?
- The source host will send a request for more frequent acknowledgments to the destination.
- The source will decrease the amount of data that it sends before it must receive acknowledgements from the destination.*
- The destination will request retransmission of the entire message.
- The source will acknowledge the last segment that is sent and include a request for a smaller window size in the message.
Explain:
If the source determines that TCP segments are either not being
acknowledged or not acknowledged in a timely manner, then it can reduce
the number of bytes it sends before receiving an acknowledgment. Notice
that it is the source that is reducing the number of unacknowledged
bytes it sends. This does not involve changing the window size in the
segment header.
- What is a characteristic of UDP?
- UDP datagrams take the same path and arrive in the correct order at the destination.
- Applications that use UDP are always considered unreliable.
- UDP reassembles the received datagrams in the order they were received.*
- UDP only passes data to the network when the destination is ready to receive the data.
Explain:
UDP has no way to reorder the datagrams into their transmission order,
so UDP simply reassembles the data in the order it was received and
forwards it to the application.
- What does a client do when it has UDP datagrams to send?
- It just sends the datagrams.*
- It queries the server to see if it is ready to receive data.
- It sends a simplified three-way handshake to the server.
- It sends to the server a segment with the SYN flag set to synchronize the conversation.
Explain:
When a client has UDP datagrams to send, it just sends the datagrams.
- What happens if the first packet of a TFTP transfer is lost?
- The client will wait indefinitely for the reply.
- The TFTP application will retry the request if a reply is not received.*
- The next-hop router or the default gateway will provide a reply with an error code.
- The transport layer will retry the query if a reply is not received.
Explain:
The TFTP protocol uses UDP for queries, so the TFTP application must implement the reliability, if needed.
- A host device is receiving live streaming video. How does the device account for video data that is lost during transmission?
- The device will immediately request a retransmission of the missing data.
- The device will use sequence numbers to pause the video stream until the correct data arrives.
- The device will delay the streaming video until the entire video stream is received.
- The device will continue receiving the streaming video, but there may be a momentary disruption.*
Explain:
When TCP is used as the transport protocol, data must be received in a
specific sequence or all data must be fully received in order for it to
be used. TCP will use sequence numbers, acknowledgments and
retransmission to accomplish this. However, when UDP is used as the
transport protocol, data that arrives out of order or with missing
segments may cause a momentary disruption, but the destination device
may still be able to use the data that it has received. This technology
results in the least amount of network delay by providing minimal
reliability. Since live streaming video applications use UDP as the
transport protocol, the receiver will continue showing the video
although there may be a slight delay or reduction in quality.
- Why does HTTP use TCP as the transport layer protocol?
- to ensure the fastest possible download speed
- because HTTP is a best-effort protocol
- because transmission errors can be tolerated easily
- because HTTP requires reliable delivery*
Explain:
When a host requests a web page, transmission reliability and
completeness must be guaranteed. Therefore, HTTP uses TCP as its
transport layer protocol.
- When is UDP preferred to TCP?
- when a client sends a segment to a server
- when all the data must be fully received before any part of it is considered useful
- when an application can tolerate some loss of data during transmission*
- when segments must arrive in a very specific sequence to be processed successfully
Explain:
UDP can be used when an application can tolerate some data loss. UDP is
the preferred protocol for applications that provide voice or video that
cannot tolerate delay.
- Which three application layer protocols use TCP? (Choose three.)
- SMTP*
- FTP*
- SNMP
- HTTP*
- TFTP
- DHCP
Explain:
Some protocols require the reliable data transport that is provided by
TCP. In addition, these protocols do not have real time communication
requirements and can tolerate some data loss while minimizing protocol
overhead. Examples of these protocols are SMTP, FTP, and HTTP.
- Refer to the exhibit. Consider a datagram that originates on
the PC and that is destined for the web server. Match the IP addresses
and port numbers that are in that datagram to the description. (Not all
options are used.)
destination IP address -> 192.168.2.2
destination port number -> 80
source IP address -> 192.168.1.2
source port number -> 2578
Explain:
A TCP/IP segment that originated on the PC has 192.168.1.2 as the IP
source address. 2578 is the only possible option for the source port
number because the PC port number must be in the range of registered
ports 1024 to 49151. The destination is the web server, which has the IP
address 192.168.2.2, and the destination port number is 80 according to
the HTTP protocol standard.
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